The Black Hole

                     The Void into Being

In the previous section entitled ‘The Free Space’ we had discussed about many different theories about the markings of the universe (Space-Time variations) and ended by the idea of Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking about the black holes and in this section too we will discuss everything that deals further on its relativities.

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After Roger Penrose and Hawking started the approach of Black Holes in 1965, this term again coined in 1969 by an American Scientist John Wheeler, he gave a graphic description of the idea that goes back around 200 years ago. At that time, there were two theories about light- One was that it is composed of particles, the other was that it is made of waves; we know that both the theories are correct. In the context of the first theory that it is made up of waves, we don’t know how it will respond to gravity but if we talk about the second one that light is composed of particles then it will be expected to behave in the same way with gravity as that of the rockets, planets, and everything does.

On this assumption in 1783, John Michell wrote a paper and pointed out that a star that was sufficiently massive and compact would have such a strong gravitational field that light could not escape and too suggested that there’s not only one but many stars like this. Although we couldn’t see them as their light would not reach us but would still feel their gravitational attraction. Such objects are what we now called Black Holes because they are-black voids in space.

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Process of emerging a star to form a Black Hole-

To understand how the black hole might be formed, we first need an understanding of the life-cycle of a star. A star is formed when a large amount of gas; mostly hydrogen starts to collapse in on itself due to its gravitational attraction. As it contracts, the atoms of the gas collide with each other, and more frequently and at greater and greater speeds- the gas heats up. Eventually, the gas will be so hot that when the hydrogen atoms collide, they no longer bounce off each other but instead merge with each other to form helium atoms. The heat released in this reaction, which is like a controlled hydrogen bomb, is what makes the stars shine. This additional heat also increases the pressure of gas until it is sufficient to balance the gravitational attraction, and the gas stops contracting. It is a bit like a balloon where there’s a balance between the pressure of air inside, which is trying to make the balloon expand, and the tension in the rubber which is trying to make the balloon smaller. The stars will remain stable like this for a long time, with the heat from nuclear reactions balancing the gravitational attraction. Eventually, however, the star will run out of hydrogen and other nuclear fuels. And paradoxically, the more fuel a star starts off with, the sooner it runs out. This is because the massive the star is, the hotter it needs to balance its gravitational attraction and the hotter it is, the faster it will use up its fuel. Eventually, when a star shrunk to a certain critical radius, the gravitational field at the surface becomes so strong that the light cones are bent inward so much that the light can no longer escape. According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light. Thus, if the light cannot escape, then nothing else would. A region of space-time from which it is not possible to escape to reach a distant observer. This region is what is now called is Black Hole.

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Suppose, an astronomer on the surface of a collapsing star sent a signal every second, according to his watch, to his spaceship orbiting about the star. At some time on his watch, say, for example, 11’o clock, the star would shrink below the critical radius at which the gravitational field would become so strong that the signals would no longer reach the spaceship. His companions watching from the spaceship would find the intervals from the astronaut getting longer and longer as 11’o clock approached. However, the effect would be very small before 10:59:59. They have to wait only very slightly more than a second between the astronaut’s 10:59:58 signal and one with that he sent when his watch read 10:59:59, they would have to wait forever for the 11’o clock signal. The lightwave emitted from the surface of the star between 10:59:59 and 11’o clock, by the astronomer’s watch, would be spread out over an infinite period of time, as seen from the spaceship. The time interval in arriving at the different waves would become longer and longer. Eventually, the star would become so dim that it would no longer be seen from the spaceship. All that would be left would be a black hole in space. The star would, however, continue to exert the same gravitational force on the spaceship. And thus, the spaceship would continue to orbit the black hole.                                                                              

Any observer who remained outside the black hole would not be affected by the failure of this predictability, because neither light nor any other signal can reach them from the singularity.

But it does nothing at all for the poor unfortunate astronaut who falls into the black hole. Shouldn’t God protect his modesty as well? Who knows!!

There are some solutions to general relativity in which it is possible for our astronaut to see that singularity – He may be able to avoid hitting the singularity and instead fall through a “worm hole” and come out in another region of the universe. This would offer great possibilities for travel in space-time variations, but unfortunately, it seems that the solutions may all be highly unstable.  Such as the presence of the astronaut, may change them so that the astronaut cannot see the singularity until he hits it and his time came to an end. In other words, the singularity always lies in his future and never in his past.

According to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, there’s no absolute time, each observer has his own measure of time. Then comes the strong version of the cosmic censorship hypothesis states that in a realistic solution, the singularities always lie either entirely in the future, like the singularities of gravitational collapse, or entirely in the past, like the big bang. Although many dilutions too added in this cosmic hypothesis that one can see the singularities and though travel in the past like travelling into the past and kill your grandfather before your father was born, etc but such are now called ‘the paradoxes’ that are only best suited in science fiction till it will gain as much to be relied upon.   

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I repeat- “The universe shall diverge

                  Or the time may emerge,

                  To think of covert will throb;

                  Lest the mindedness to Jacob.”

                                                   

Any type of related query is most welcomed--

The Free Space

                     

          The Effects Of Space-Time Variations

Hi, past few weeks was reading by different theories on the existence of the universe, what’s about any beginning or any singularity as usual. Anyway, while going through it found something controversial amongst many theories which somewhere seems to have some originality but not wholly as far as the actual reality is concerned. Let’s talk about some of them to make it more clear-

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In 1924, an American astronomer Edwin Hubble demonstrated that ours not the only galaxy, and though the belief that our earth is the centre of the universe proves wrong; even ours the one of the several galaxies seen as pin-point by a distance from the universe.

Then comes an urge for making our best experiments knowing about those other galaxies means by the distance, the nature of the occurrence of different ecological cycles, their staticity and their point of existence too. When they found something beyond their expectations, it reverts all back theories and comes up with a belief of “The Expanding Universe” when they found it not static but to be expanding with time all about then based on the general relativity and two assumptions [that the universe looks identical in all directions we look and by every point in the universe] Friedmann had already been predicted earlier what exactly the Hubble has discovered then.

But this too not exactly what’s the truly the universe seems about, as everything has drawbacks somewhere all around.

By the Time it has also been said that if the universe is expanding then it might be sometime in the past been at a ‘Zero’ point [Big Bang] that means it must have a starting point of everything and also that of the Time.

Here another the thing, suppose a person on the Earth starts travelling from some point and keeps on moving, he might not bump into an edge but would come up to the same place where he had started by; so by this means that if the universe is expanding and didn’t it have any edge to stop by would it on one point reversed  to ‘Zero’ or will it be expanding forever?

That’s to Friedmann the misery that again made him reconcile further on his prediction.

Now move towards some other predictions too –

In 1963, two Russian scientists; Evgenii Lifshitz and Isaac Khalatnikov suggested that the Big Bang might be a peculiarity of the Friedmann’s model alone and denies the starting of the universe with a Big Bang model of Friedmann which is just an assumption beyond the singularity of the real universe and concluded that there were many other models suggesting the origin of the universe and have many singularities in other models also and not just one exception like the Friedmann’s one.

Later, they found that the Friedmann’s model not the only one but there’s some other’s too having the singularities as the former’s claim. Henceforth, they withdrew their claim in 1970.

In 1965, there’s a completely different approach started by a British physicist; Roger Penrose, a belief that a star that collapses under its own gravity getting trapped whose boundary eventually shrinks to ‘Zero’ size and so the density of matter and the curvature of the space-time becomes infinite. In other words, it has a singularity within the region of space-time known as ‘Black Hole’.

So, Penrose theorem shows that any collapsing star must end in a singularity and then to make it with the singularity of Big Bang of Friedmann’s model, Stephen Hawking come up jointly with Penrose in 1970 to a theorem which suggested that there must be a Big Bang singularity proving only if the general relativity is correct and the universe contains as much matter [dark matter] as we observe.

 

As a result, after the Hawking and Penrose theory derives the singularity of unknown existing matters they have to face up with many oppositions followed by Evgenii Lifshitz and Isaac Khalatnikov, and many others who believe that they have spoilt the beauty of Einstein’s theory.

Afterwards this theory of Stephen Hawking that the universe has a singularity and contains much matter than is observed generally accepted and all’s this we have made till now at least till any other relevant theory comes around someday or whatever may not.

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See, whatever be the belief may it be the reality doesn’t deal or replicate anything it is something that’s all for now and for then we can only be known what we liable to or allowed to not beyond that not before that so whatever seems to be just to believe in what one wants to, there’s nothing to deal with other’s conflicting opinion other than one that relates.

              "The universe shall diverge

           or the Time may emerge,

           To think of covert will throb;

           lest the mindedness  to Jacob"

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Nothing Ventured Nothing Gained.

 

‘Nothing ventured nothing gained’, as the idiom suggested a slight view of meaning if we talk in literary sense, okay don’t baffle it means ‘Without taking risks, one cannot expect to achieve anything’.

I am not going to make it a word meaning series, it just a role player in understanding the ongoing viewpoint that is about to come here only.

Risk, whenever we talk about in taking risk everybody jointly come up as an veteran or geared to do so very easily [so called] as they all taking it for another way and it might fulfilled in another way, whatever for everybody it works differently. Everything can be used in any way but there’s always one which lead us somewhere we take for.

Let us take an example to make it clearer –

You might be knowing of the famous author of Harry Potter; yes, that’s JK Rowling, we mostly knew her only with that great pieces of work of world-famous novel. Do you ever make for the behind story of it, here it goes all with her faith and the risk; before this work she was living in an extreme poverty that anyone could easily give up and commit to death, she had no job, no finish work to get published and a lone parent. She had hit rock bottom as she struggled with depression, she resumes the work of her last breath of before quitting. She finally finished the first three chapters and send the manuscript off to the publisher – they quickly rejected, then she sent it to another publisher and again the answer was ‘no’. Her mailbox was filled up with rejection letters, but she didn’t let it stop her. After sending manuscript to 12 different publishers and getting rejected by every single one, Rowling began losing confidence in her book and her too. At the eleventh hour, the editor at Bloomsbury Publishing Company sat down to read the manuscript, and so did her 8-year-old daughter, and love to read it first. Once Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone was published, though, she proved everyone wrong. From then only she became in the list of world’s richest authors.

“It is impossible to live without failing at something, unless you live so cautiously that you might as well not had lived at all – in which case, you fail by default.”

                                                                                                                                          --- JK Rowling.

So, risk is not about ‘Taking’ on something instead ‘Putting’ ourselves into a situation from which only two outcomes can be achieved, either a downfall forever or a forever Triumph; it totally depends on us while coming up to this kind of choice between Do or Don’t, what we going for and somewhere taking that risk we knew that what it matter for us and for which the rest views don’t restrain us.

Beginning is always peculiar, that’s just the point of climbing upon the stairs of any journey of our lives, no faction could become large enough to prove their opposed sight.

So, it’s not necessary to regain everything through experience for it can be too late but it’s available by the experiences of another and then surely to come up with some real owned circumstances. Therefore, don’t mix the actual meaning of ‘risk’ with that of ‘danger’, rather it’s another word for ‘chance’ but the one with just two consequences.

As there’s a well-known saying –

                          ‘The biggest risk is not taking any risk.’

                                                          --- Mark Zuckerberg.

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Any questions?..